Tissue engineering is the process of mixing scaffolds, cells, and physiologically active chemicals to create functional tissues.

 

Tissue engineering

Tissue engineering emerged from the field of biomaterials development. Tissue engineering aims to create functional constructions that can be used to restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or complete organs. Engineered tissues such as artificial skin and cartilage have been approved by the FDA, but their application in human patients is currently limited.

Tissue engineering entails the in vitro creation of bioartificial tissues as well as the in vivo manipulation of cell growth and function using cells isolated from donor tissue and biocompatible scaffold materials. To facilitate effective cell adhesion, migration, and deposition of endogenous extracellular matrix components by the cells, biomaterials for tissue engineering must have regulated surface chemistry, porosity, and biodegradability. To create a large cell mass that can perform certain differentiated roles required for the tissue build, strategies to switch cells between growth and differentiation, which are mutually exclusive, are applied.

The tissue construct requires specialised functionalities. The strength of adhesion between cells and substrate, as well as among the many cell types present in the tissue construct, allows combinations of cells and materials to reorganise themselves. Finally, in order to ensure efficient food supply and waste elimination, tissue constructs must be tightly integrated with the host's circulatory system.

Tissue engineering is a branch of biomedical engineering that combines biology and engineering to manufacture tissues or biological products outside the body or to apply knowledge learned to better control tissue repair within the body. Many new cellular therapies are being developed, posing obstacles for tissue engineering. The clinical deployment of cell treatments and grafts necessitates the identification and resolution of a number of tough difficulties. Tissue harvesting, cell processing and isolation, safety testing, cell activation or differentiation, assay and medium creation, storage and stability, as well as quality assurance and quality control challenges are all included.

Tissue engineering is gaining traction in various areas such as wound care, burn treatment, orthopedics, neurology, urological products, and others. Tissue engineering can play an important role in the management of pediatric patients. Tissue or organs absent at the time of birth, in congenital anomalies such as bladder exstrophy, esophageal atresia, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia pose a serious challenges in surgical repair. Moreover, increasing burn and trauma related injuries are expected to drive the global tissue engineering market growth. According to the American Burn Association 2014 data, nearly 450,000 patients receive hospital and emergency room treatment for burns annually.

Tissue Engineering Market Restraints

Currently available tissue engineering methods face several problems including ineffective cell growth, insufficient, and unstable production of growth factors to stimulate cell communication and proper response and lack of suitable biomaterials and techniques for capturing appropriate physiological architectures. Moreover, inability to control cellular functions and their various properties (biological, mechanical, electrochemical and others) and issues of biomolecular detection and biosensors are other limitations associated with tissue engineering.

Tissue Engineering is the field of research using cells and other materials to either enhance or replace biological tissues. To that end, many faculty in BE are studying in this field including one who is using stem cell-seeded scaffolds to repair degraded cartilage and another who has engineered mice to fluorescently display genetic changes.

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